Daniel Pipes
The Washington Times

After an absence of 90 years, the ancient institution of the
caliphate roared back into existence on the first day of Ramadan in the
year 1435 of the Hegira, equivalent to June 29, 2014. This astonishing
revival symbolically culminates the Islamist surge that
began forty years ago. A Western analogy might be declaring the restoration of the Hapsburg Empire, which traced its legitimacy to ancient Rome.
Whence comes this audacious move? Can the caliphate last? What will its impact be?
For starters, a quick review of the caliphate (from the Arabic
khilafa, meaning "succession"): according to
canonical Muslim history,
it originated in 632 CE, on the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad,
then spontaneously developed, filling the nascent Muslim community's
need for a temporal leader. The caliph became Muhammad's non-prophetic
heir. After the first four caliphs, the office became dynastic.
From the start, followers disagreed whether the caliph should be the
most able and pious Muslim or the closest relative of Muhammad; the
resulting division came to define the Sunni and Shi'i branches of Islam,
respectively, causing the profound schism that still endures.